Identity is fact... the effective sum of the facts that can be used, in the minds of various audiences, to distinguish a given entity from all others. To manage identity is to manage these facts.

In thirty years work with CEOs, we've learned there are just three core aspects of the leadership responsibility we need to focus on:
1. Destination, short for who we are and where we're going (includes vision, positioning, corporate purpose and mission statements)
2. Culture and personality How we must behave to get there
3. Composition
How best to express our defining components, to help get there.

Situation factors are other possible facts about the company (real or merely perceived) which can serve in the minds of key audiences as identifying factors. HQ location for example (Kansas City-based Hallmark...). Sometimes they're even stronger than the name and logo; examples are Transamerica's tower (architecture), and Bill Gates (management). These “situation factors” including products, brands, and subsidiaries must be understood in analysis and planning; like all other identity tools they can be reshaped, changed, ‘spun’ and leveraged.

Third, there are the verbal and visual Identity System elements we more directly manipulate... names, theme lines, logos, signature systems, association models and other verbal or visual tools.

The presence of a leader is signaled by an identity system visibly managed to express the institution's defining destination, culture and composition.

The Six Universal Attributes Of a Great Mark
If we weren’t in the room when the decisions were made, if we don’t know what the CEO’s intentions were, how can we say one logo is “better” than another?
As in ice skating, technical merit can be judged independently of communications content, and we can all see the skater fall. The first five things that distinguish great marks from ordinary ones are technical; the last one addresses content. Great marks are always:
1. Distinctive.
The design idea need not be unique in the world, just distinctive enough so you can “own” it in your particular marketplace.

2. Practical.
Can be printed small, in ink or pixels; works in black on white as well as in colors; works in reverse too, white on black. (Faces, human or animal, usually flunk this last test; the eyes turn white.)

3. Graphic.
Communicates purely in visual terms, to the right brain hemisphere; doesn’t depend on verbal, intellectual interpretation. (Example: Tenneco seriously considered and rejected a “10ECO” logo design. Clever, but it’s not a mark, it’s a pun.) If a wordmark, it can be recognized by form alone (you don’t have to “read” Coca-Cola’s logo more than once or twice).

4. Simple in form.
Contains only one graphic idea, one gimmick, one dingbat. Thus if there’s a symbol, the accompanying name is plain and unadorned. And if it is a wordmark, one idea or device makes it special–like IBM’s stripes. (The more unique the name, the simpler the graphics can be.)

5. One message.
In content too, great designs try to express no more than one attribute (such as stature or speed or dynamism) and support a single aspect of positioning.

6. Appropriate.
In the end, of course, the content’s got to be right. An otherwise-great mark fails if the reputation, positioning, and personality expressed are at odds with management intentions.
How does it work? What's it all about?
Here are some key tools used in diagnosis, planning and management of identity solutions.

Components Of Identity >
The three kinds of components that need to be understood, to determine and shape an institution's identity

Corporate Identity Process >
The four universal phases of an identity program... analysis & planning, creative development (naming if needed, and design), application design, and documentation/launch/maintenance.

Corporate Brand Platforms >
The six strategic foundations for planning, designing and managing institutional identity

Decision Trees >
This powerful tool controls naming and branding decisions throughout the corporation, in a way which everyone can understand and accept.

Naming >
A disciplined approach to naming

Guidelines And Standards Manuals >
Here are some on-line examples of the documentation required to maintain great brands

Implementation Checklist >
The corporate media that typically need to be audited and (usually) redesigned
Corporate Brand Platforms
A Corporate Brand Platform is an actionable articulation of management intentions in six parts.
The "Components" tool groups these intentions under three headings... the vision or defining destination, desired culture, and communicated composition. In practice, it helps to break the 'vision' piece into three elements (positioning, purpose and mission) and to add a 'personality' statement to the 'culture' piece. Thus there are six expressions of the leadership intentions I have found most useful to specify, for the purpose of planning, designing and managing the corporate brand:
1. Positioning >
What we hope to "be" in our audiences' minds, compared to other companies

2. Purpose >
What we are in business to do

3. Mission >
Beyond the economics, why it is worth doing

4. Composition >
How we are best seen to be structured to achieve our purpose

5. Culture >
The distinctive shared behaviors that best support our common purpose and mission

6. Personality >
Our chosen style and manner

Not all companies, it’s true, can usefully articulate all six statements. Their units, perhaps, may share no meaningful common purpose, mission or culture. To that extent, however, the corporate brand is by definition weaker; the units themselves may constitute the stronger and more relevant brands.
Time after time, this six-part construct has been proven to be effective as an identity planning tool. (See Celera, Dow Jones, Flowserve, and Commonfund examples.)

Naming & Branding Decision Trees
The general case (PDF): Alpha Corporation Decision Tree

Great companies love creative entrepreneurial managers. Naturally, creative managers love to give a creative name to anything they make or manage, and its own logo too if they can. This can be healthy, creating new brand wealth. But unless it is controlled, it is also a recipe for brand chaos, confused customers, lowered quality impressions, excessive marketing budgets and ultimately a diminished corporate brand.

Should a proposed business (product, service or unit) be descriptively named under the corporate brand? Does it need a descriptive name with a creative twist, just distinctive enough to claim a "TM" designation? Or should it stand more freely under its own unique proprietary name, registered ®, perhaps distanced from the parent? The best answer is almost always a question of optimum balance, between the product or unit's legitimate business interests and the corporation's strategic and communications interests.
It is futile to attack such questions as merely a "logo cop," acting on self-directed principle. You need the support of clear, unarguable policy that everyone from product manager to CEO understands and accepts. The Decision Tree is a magical tool that makes this almost easy.
Fortunately, to get a good fix on the best strategic branding balance in any given business situation, there are only four or five questions that need to be asked. I think these following four question are universal... applicable in all industries. (In a multi-brand company, a fifth question can help... is the proposed offering best thought of an extension of an existing brand family? See Engelhard example, below.) And each question, as it happens, has three possible answers.
• Question 1:
Is the business [product, service, whatever] fully controlled by our management?

• Yes (proceed to question 2 ),
• No (can't use our brand! save for required legal disclosure, in small print) -- Or it's a cooperative or joint venture, under contract, in which case a separate set of brand policy guidelines [not discussed here] comes into play.

• Question 2:
Is management committed, long term, to this initiative?

• Yes...
• Not yet (for example it's a learning experience or market test)
• No (a rare answer... applies to one-time opportunity businesses)

• Question 3:
How do we think this business will impact our master brand?

• It will reinforce our current brand image
• It will help to expand our brand in desired directions
• Its effect on our master brand will be neutral, possibly even negative. (And as a practical matter 'neutral' is also negative, to the extent that any further stretching of the master brand will tend to dilute it.)

• Question 4:
Only then, ask how the corporate or master brand will impact the proposed business. Again there are three choices...

• Positive. The master brand will help launch/establish/support the business.
• Positive if secondary. It will help, but only if it's in a secondary role as sponsor, as ultimate parent and endorser; the business needs to feature its own 'flag.'
• Neutral or negative impact. The master brand is not an asset for the proposed product or business

And that's it. With these four questions, you can construct your own "Branding and Naming Decision Tree." Each situation, each "branch," will lead to a logical and understandable approved signature type... that is, the kind of name (and visual presence) that makes strategic sense for the offering, and its verbal and/or visual association to the parent brand. (Although there are some twenty-four possible branches, there may be only a handful of signature options, six or seven at most. Engelhard, below, offers five options.)
Why is this "tree" approach effective, in gaining support for (often) an ultimately tougher branding discipline? I think it clarifies the issue of balance, between corporate and business-level perspectives. The two 'impact' questions -- impact of the brand and impact on the brand -- are fair and reasonable. They make room for legitimate business marketing initiatives, while reminding everyone of the equally legitimate corporate reputation interests in the business's success.
With your letterhead and business card, you first begin to build relationships with the people who will make your business a success. With a little creativity, you can turn these run of the mill materials into the kind of marketing tools that keep the mill running.

Establish your identity. Use the graphics and text on your letterhead and business cards to show and tell customers who you are. Because they will accompany many of your other materials, keep them as clean and simple as possible.

Create a logoless logo. If you don’t have the budget for a custom logo, try representing the idea behind your business with a combination of two simple clip art symbols. Here, the sun and snowflake symbols represent hot and cold for a heating and air conditioning contractor.

Include a "benefits" tag line. A statement that explains what you do and how it benefits your customer keeps your business card working for you long after your first contact.

Turn your business card into a mini-brochure. Its simple, just add a headline and brief text to the other business card basics—your name, title, organization, phone, fax, office hours, and your on-line and mailing address.

Limit the number of fonts. Too many fonts make your materials visually confusing. The general rule is: don’t use more than one serif font and one sans serif font family per document (serif fonts have "feet," sans serif fonts do not). Use bold, capitalized, and italicized text sparingly and it will have a more pronounced effect when you do.

Break the stranger barrier. A personal letter and a follow-up telephone call is a potent combination. By the time you have asked the person if they received and read your letter, you are no longer a stranger.

Brand Identity

Corporate Identity

Logo design and logotype design

Studio Grafico Grafica pubblicitaria

Brand

The sum of all the characteristics, tangible and intangible, that make the offer unique.Brand Equity The value of the brand in its holistic sense to its owners as a corporate asset.Brand Essence The distillation of a brand's intrinsic characteristics into a succinct core concept.Brand Extension A new product or service that is related to an existing brand, but that offers a different benefit and/or appeals to a different target segment.Brand Harmonization The synchronization of all elements of brand identity, across a line of products or services and/or across geographic markets.

Brand Identity

The outward manifestation of the essence of a corporate brand, product brand, service brand or branded environment.Brand Identity Equities The value of specific elements of identification (e.g., name, symbol or colors) to the brands owners.Brand Positioning The specific niche in which the brand defines itself as occupying in the competitive environment. Positioning addresses differentiating brand attributes, user benefits and target segments, singly or in combination.Brand Revitalization A major overhaul of a brand, starting with its positioning and proceeding through creative regeneration of the brand identity.Branded Environment The graphic system of identification as applied to three-dimensional physical space.

Branding

The process by which both a brand and brand identity are developed.Co-Brand Use of two or more strong brands in relation to a common offer. Typically, but not always, the brands are given equal emphasis. Examples: Chevron and McDonalds, Visa and Citibank.

Corporate Brand

The gestalt of the organization, including its philosophy and culture as well as its physical characteristics.Corporate Image Application of the term image to specific types of offers.Descriptor A term used with a brand name to communicate an informational attribute (e.g., variant, function, occasion or target segment) about a specific offer.Digital Branding Using digital media to create, build, manage and revitalize the relationships between a brand and its audiences.Endorsement Use of the parent brand identity to support and add credibility to an allied offer. Implies subordinate emphasis of the parent to a sub-brand, though relative emphasis will vary case-by-case.Enhanced Descriptor An evocative word that may or may not be trademarked, but which differentiates the offer in a proprietary way.Generic Descriptor A simple, descriptive term with clear meaning, and which can be executed in regional languages.House Style The overall impression created and maintained over time by the consistent presentation of the brand in the prescribed manner and in appropriate contexts.

Identity

Two meanings, both valid: 1) The sum of all the characteristics, tangible and intangible, that make the offer unique. 2) The elements of brand identification (e.g., the name, symbol and colors) by which an offer can be identified.Image Perceptions of the features, tangible and intangible, that characterize a brand.Information Architecture The process of creating clarity and human understanding through the organization of information. From a software development point of view, Information Architecture is the organizational structure of the application and data as it is reflected in the user interface.Ingredient Brand A strong brand that is used and promoted as a key part of a host brand.Interactive Branding Process of developing Web sites and other interactive products, including strategy development, structural design and graphic design.Line Extension A new variation of a product or service sharing the same essential characteristics as the parent, but offering a new benefit, such as flavor, size, package type, etc.Logo The terms "mark", "logo" and "identifier" are general terms for a symbol or wordmark.Nomenclature System The names of individual entities within a group of companies (or families of products or services) organized systematically to reflect the relationships among the entities. The term "nomenclature system" encompasses modifiers, descriptors, endorsements, etc., as well as names.Parent Brand A strong brand that has the capacity to: 1) stand alone to represent a core product or service; 2) support allied products/services by sharing its brand identity, directly or through endorsementPositioning Statement A concise written statement of the positioning concept, conveying the essential features of the brand and its niche.Product Brand Two meanings, both valid: 1) The gestalt of the brand, including its emotional and cultural associations as well as its physical features. 2) The graphic system of identification as applied to a single product or service or a family of products/services.Service Brand A brand representing a specific service or family of services.Sub-Brand A product or service that has a persona and brand values that separate it from the parent brand. A product or service that has its own brand identity, which is proprietary and can be trademarked.Symbol A "symbol" is an abstract sign to represent the brand.Typography The typestyle specified for brand communications other than the basic brand signature. Typography is often an existing font, but may also be a modified font or custom-designed font.Verbal Identity The brand name and other verbal elements (e.g., descriptor or tag-line) of the brand signature.